==================================================================================================== PHEV DATABASE CLEANING - DETAILED REMOVAL STATISTICS Source: Adapted from PHEV_paper_12_25.R Date: 2025-12-18 21:38:16.798891 Focus: PHEVs (Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles) only ==================================================================================================== [0] DATA LOADING ==================================================================================================== Extracting from 7z archive (this may take 10-20 minutes for full dataset)... Loaded 7732320 records from 7z archive Initial dataset size: 7732320 vehicles Expected: ~7.7M vehicles [1] VARIABLE PREPARATION ==================================================================================================== Variables prepared [2] OEM CLEANING AND HARMONIZATION ==================================================================================================== Vehicles with problematic OEMs (before replacement): 728889 OEM harmonization completed Unique OEMs (all vehicles): 43 Unique OEMs (PHEVs): 28 [3] MODEL CLEANING AND HARMONIZATION ==================================================================================================== NOTE: Full model harmonization list has 500+ harmonization rules. This script applies all harmonization rules from the original file. For complete list, see PHEV_paper_12_25.R lines 388-910 Model basic cleaning applied Extracting and applying model harmonization rules from original file... WARNING: Could not locate harmonization section in original file Start pattern found at line: NOT FOUND End pattern found at line: NOT FOUND Unique Models (PHEVs) after harmonization: 780 Unique OEM_Model combinations (PHEVs): 807 [INTERMEDIATE 1] VFN-based Reassignments for Missing OEM/Model ==================================================================================================== PHEVs with missing OEM filled from VFN mapping: 88 PHEVs with missing Modelup filled from VFN mapping: 3107 [INTERMEDIATE] Reassignments and Data Corrections ==================================================================================================== Applying Land Rover 2021 corrections... PHEVs with Electric_range > 140 km (set to NA): 22 Reassigning PHEVs with high TA_CO2 to non-PHEV powertrains... PHEVs reassigned to non-PHEV (high TA_CO2 > 101): 747 OEM_Model distribution of reassigned PHEVs: VOLVO XC60 VOLVO XC40 VOLVO XC90 VOLVO V60 VOLVO S90 307 215 138 41 19 VOLVO S60 VOLVO V90 SKODA OCTAVIA 16 10 1 PHEV count after reassignments: 994764 [REMOVAL STEP 1] CS (Charge Sustaining) Mileage and Fuel Consumption ==================================================================================================== ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- STEP: Step 1: CS Mileage/FC Invalid ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Criteria: PHEVs with Mileage_CS < 0 OR FC_CS < 0 OR missing Mileage_CS OR missing FC_CS PHEVs before step: 994764 PHEVs removed: 33348 Percentage removed: 3.352 % OEM Distribution of Removed PHEVs: JEEP LAND ROVER VOLKSWAGEN FORD SKODA 9900 5654 4091 3903 2991 TOYOTA RENAULT AUDI VOLVO MITSUBISHI 1641 1392 1312 550 478 OPEL PEUGEOT KIA CITROEN GEELY 340 335 206 146 109 ALFA ROMEO DS SEAT MERCEDES-BENZ BMW 87 65 40 37 30 HYUNDAI SAIC MAZDA FERRARI SUZUKI 27 10 2 1 1 Top 30 Models Removed (PHEVs): COMPASS KUGA RANGE ROVER EVOQUE 7504 3702 3004 RENEGADE PASSAT DISCOVERY SPORT 2219 1999 1501 TOYOTA RAV4 SUPERB OCTAVIA 1486 1416 1245 TIGUAN CAPTUR GOLF GTE 826 722 619 MEGANE JAGUAR E PACE MITSUBISHI ECLIPSE CROSS 519 477 447 ARTEON OCTAVIA RS GRANDLAND X 375 322 320 A3 40 TFSIE RANGE ROVER VELAR Q3 SPORTBACK E TRON 263 240 233 Q3 E TRON XC60 508 207 196 189 GOLF EXPLORER E PACE 187 156 143 C5 AIRCROSS WRANGLER UNLIMITED LEXUS NX450H+ 141 139 135 Top 30 OEM_Model Combinations Removed (PHEVs): JEEP COMPASS FORD KUGA 7504 3702 LAND ROVER RANGE ROVER EVOQUE JEEP RENEGADE 3004 2219 VOLKSWAGEN PASSAT LAND ROVER DISCOVERY SPORT 1999 1501 TOYOTA TOYOTA RAV4 SKODA SUPERB 1486 1416 SKODA OCTAVIA VOLKSWAGEN TIGUAN 1245 826 RENAULT CAPTUR VOLKSWAGEN GOLF GTE 722 619 RENAULT MEGANE LAND ROVER JAGUAR E PACE 519 477 MITSUBISHI MITSUBISHI ECLIPSE CROSS VOLKSWAGEN ARTEON 447 375 SKODA OCTAVIA RS OPEL GRANDLAND X 322 320 AUDI A3 40 TFSIE LAND ROVER RANGE ROVER VELAR 263 240 AUDI Q3 SPORTBACK E TRON AUDI Q3 E TRON 233 207 VOLVO XC60 PEUGEOT 508 196 189 VOLKSWAGEN GOLF FORD EXPLORER 187 156 LAND ROVER E PACE CITROEN C5 AIRCROSS 143 141 JEEP WRANGLER UNLIMITED TOYOTA LEXUS NX450H+ 139 135 Most Common Removed OEM_Model: JEEP COMPASS : 7504 vehicles Year Distribution of Removed PHEVs: 2021 2022 2023 26013 5687 1648 [FLAGGED, NOT REMOVED] Vehicles flagged for Step 1 issues remain in dataset [REMOVAL STEP 2] Missing Real-World Electric Consumption (RW_EC) ==================================================================================================== ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- STEP: Step 2: Missing RW_EC ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Criteria: PHEVs with missing RW_EC (Real-World Electric Consumption) PHEVs before step: 994764 PHEVs removed: 12554 Percentage removed: 1.262 % OEM Distribution of Removed PHEVs: FORD SKODA PEUGEOT CITROEN HYUNDAI 3720 2603 1760 891 767 DS BMW SAIC TOYOTA OPEL 665 597 425 370 362 LAND ROVER VOLKSWAGEN MITSUBISHI VOLVO 113 62 56 46 42 SEAT KIA AUDI GEELY RENAULT 27 16 10 9 9 FERRARI MERCEDES-BENZ 3 1 Top 30 Models Removed (PHEVs): KUGA 3487 308 1550 SUPERB 1299 OCTAVIA 1047 C5 X 801 DS4 506 TUCSON 329 TOYOTA RAV4 324 X1 XDRIVE25E 320 ASTRA 318 MG EHS PLUG IN HYBRID 300 OCTAVIA RS 250 COUNTRYMAN COOPER SE ALL4 196 EXPLORER 187 TUCSONIX35 163 147 DS 4 88 SANTAFE 83 MG RX6 PLUG IN HYBRID 62 NUEVO CITRO N C5 X PLUG IN HYBRID 225 EAT8 SHINE 61 X2 XDRIVE25E 55 MITSUBISHI ECLIPSE CROSS 46 LEXUS NX450H+ 42 3008 41 SANTA FE 39 GOLF GTE 38 NUEVO 308 5P GT PACK HYBRID 225 EEAT8 37 TUCSON IX35 37 MG HS PHEV 24 DS 4 E TENSE 225 PERFORMANCE LINE 23 Top 30 OEM_Model Combinations Removed (PHEVs): FORD KUGA 3487 PEUGEOT 308 1550 SKODA SUPERB 1299 SKODA OCTAVIA 1047 CITROEN C5 X 801 DS DS4 506 HYUNDAI TUCSON 329 TOYOTA TOYOTA RAV4 324 BMW X1 XDRIVE25E 320 OPEL ASTRA 318 SAIC MG EHS PLUG IN HYBRID 300 SKODA OCTAVIA RS 250 BMW COUNTRYMAN COOPER SE ALL4 196 FORD EXPLORER 187 HYUNDAI TUCSONIX35 163 NA NA 113 DS DS 4 88 HYUNDAI SANTAFE 83 SAIC MG RX6 PLUG IN HYBRID 62 CITROEN NUEVO CITRO N C5 X PLUG IN HYBRID 225 EAT8 SHINE 61 BMW X2 XDRIVE25E 55 MITSUBISHI MITSUBISHI ECLIPSE CROSS 46 TOYOTA LEXUS NX450H+ 42 PEUGEOT 3008 41 HYUNDAI SANTA FE 39 VOLKSWAGEN GOLF GTE 38 HYUNDAI TUCSON IX35 37 PEUGEOT NUEVO 308 5P GT PACK HYBRID 225 EEAT8 37 HYUNDAI NA 33 SAIC MG HS PHEV 24 Most Common Removed OEM_Model: FORD KUGA : 3487 vehicles Year Distribution of Removed PHEVs: 2022 2021 2023 5829 5323 1402 [FLAGGED, NOT REMOVED] Vehicles flagged for Step 2 issues remain in dataset [REMOVAL STEP 3] Missing OEM or Model Information ==================================================================================================== ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- STEP: Step 3: Missing OEM/Model ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Criteria: PHEVs with missing OEM OR missing Modelup PHEVs before step: 994764 PHEVs removed: 2646 Percentage removed: 0.266 % OEM Distribution of Removed PHEVs: VOLVO PEUGEOT AUDI SEAT OPEL HYUNDAI PORSCHE DS FORD 1270 461 449 224 117 65 34 19 5 2 Top 30 Models Removed (PHEVs): 2646 Top 30 OEM_Model Combinations Removed (PHEVs): VOLVO NA PEUGEOT NA NA NA AUDI NA SEAT NA OPEL NA HYUNDAI NA 1270 461 449 224 117 65 34 PORSCHE NA DS NA FORD NA 19 5 2 Most Common Removed OEM_Model: VOLVO NA : 1270 vehicles Year Distribution of Removed PHEVs: 2022 2021 2612 34 [FLAGGED, NOT REMOVED] Vehicles flagged for Step 3 issues remain in dataset [REMOVAL STEP 4] RW_EC Zero Reporting Issues ==================================================================================================== Case A - Systematic Zero Reporting (95th percentile == 0): OEM_Model × Year combinations removed: 63 Vehicles removed: 10503 Case B - Partial Zero Reporting (>30% zeros): Vehicles removed: 597 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- STEP: Step 4: RW_EC Zero Reporting ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Criteria: Case A: p95_RW_EC == 0 (systematic zero reporting). Case B: share_zero > 30% (partial zero reporting) PHEVs before step: 994764 PHEVs removed: 11100 Percentage removed: 1.116 % OEM Distribution of Removed PHEVs: PORSCHE SUZUKI PEUGEOT LAND ROVER SAIC 11068 23 7 1 1 Top 30 Models Removed (PHEVs): CAYENNE E HYBRID 7698 PANAMERA 4 E HYBRID 1038 PANAMERA 4S E HYBRID 856 CAYENNE TURBO S E HYBRID 541 PANAMERA 4 459 PANAMERA TURBO S E HYBRID 218 CAYENNE E HYBR. 61 CAYENNE E HYBRID COUPE 30 CAYENNE E HYBRID PLATINUM EDITION 30 SUZUKI ACROSS 23 PANAMERA 4 E HYBRID SPORT TURISMO 20 19 CAYENNE E HYBRID COUPE PLATINUM EDITION 16 PANAMERA TURBO S E HYBRI 11 PANAMERA 4S 10 CAYENNE E HYBRID AUT. 6 PANAMERA 4 E 6 PANAMERA 4 E HYBRID PLATINUM EDITION 6 4 E TENSE 5 CAYENNE E HYBRID COUP 5 PANAMERA 4S E HYBRID SPORT TURISMO 5 CAYENNE TURBO S 4 PANAMERA 4 CAYENNE 3 CAYENNE E HYBR 3 PANAMERA 4 E HYBRID SPORT TURISMO PLATINUM EDITION 3 CAYENNE TURBO S E HYBRID COUPE 2 PANAMERA 4 E HYBRID AUT. 2 PANAMERA 4S E HYBRID AUT. 2 PANAMERA TURBO S E HYBRID AUT. 2 Top 30 OEM_Model Combinations Removed (PHEVs): PORSCHE CAYENNE E HYBRID 7698 PORSCHE PANAMERA 4 E HYBRID 1038 PORSCHE PANAMERA 4S E HYBRID 856 PORSCHE CAYENNE TURBO S E HYBRID 541 PORSCHE PANAMERA 4 459 PORSCHE PANAMERA TURBO S E HYBRID 218 PORSCHE CAYENNE E HYBR. 61 PORSCHE CAYENNE E HYBRID COUPE 30 PORSCHE CAYENNE E HYBRID PLATINUM EDITION 30 SUZUKI SUZUKI ACROSS 23 PORSCHE PANAMERA 4 E HYBRID SPORT TURISMO 20 PORSCHE NA 19 PORSCHE CAYENNE E HYBRID COUPE PLATINUM EDITION 16 PORSCHE PANAMERA TURBO S E HYBRI 11 PORSCHE PANAMERA 4S 10 PORSCHE CAYENNE E HYBRID AUT. 6 PORSCHE PANAMERA 4 E 6 PORSCHE PANAMERA 4 E HYBRID PLATINUM EDITION 6 PEUGEOT 4 E TENSE 5 PORSCHE CAYENNE E HYBRID COUP 5 PORSCHE PANAMERA 4S E HYBRID SPORT TURISMO 5 PORSCHE CAYENNE TURBO S 4 PORSCHE PANAMERA 4 PORSCHE CAYENNE 3 PORSCHE CAYENNE E HYBR 3 PORSCHE PANAMERA 4 E HYBRID SPORT TURISMO PLATINUM EDITION 3 PORSCHE CAYENNE TURBO S E HYBRID COUPE 2 PORSCHE PANAMERA 4 E HYBRID AUT. 2 PORSCHE PANAMERA 4S E HYBRID AUT. 2 PORSCHE PANAMERA TURBO S E HYBRID AUT. 2 Most Common Removed OEM_Model: PORSCHE CAYENNE E HYBRID : 7698 vehicles Year Distribution of Removed PHEVs: 2021 2022 2023 6756 3598 746 [FLAGGED, NOT REMOVED] Vehicles flagged for Step 4 issues remain in dataset [REMOVAL STEP 5] Problematic VFN Filtering ==================================================================================================== VFN validation file not found, skipping VFN filtering step Expected file: 02_data/OBFCM_2021-2023/Dataset/PHEVs_VFN_obfcm_ok.xlsx [REMOVAL STEP 6] Physics-Based CO2 and Fuel Consumption Filters ==================================================================================================== ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- STEP: Step 6: Physics-Based CO2/FC (PHEVs) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Criteria: PHEVs with FCgap_perc > 1800 OR TA_CO2 >= 190 OR RW_CO2 > 800 PHEVs before step: 994764 PHEVs removed: 417 Percentage removed: 0.042 % OEM Distribution of Removed PHEVs: MERCEDES-BENZ LAND ROVER FERRARI BMW VOLVO 280 99 14 8 6 PORSCHE FORD VOLKSWAGEN AUDI 5 2 2 1 Top 30 Models Removed (PHEVs): GLC 300 E 4MATIC GLC 300 DE 4MATIC 110 68 RANGE ROVER SPORT C 300 E 55 44 RANGE ROVER GLC 400 E 4MATIC 42 30 S 580 E SF90 STRADALE 14 11 S 580 E 4MATIC POLESTAR 1 7 6 330E CAYENNE E HYBRID 5 4 KUGA SF90 SPIDER 2 2 296 GTS 530E XDRIVE 1 1 A 250 E AMG GT 63 S E PERFORMANCE 1 1 C 400 E 4MATIC E 300 E 1 1 GLE 350 DE 4MATIC GLE 350 DE 4MATIC COUPE 1 1 MULTIVAN PANAMERA 4 E HYBRID 1 1 PASSAT Q7 60 TFSI E 1 1 RANGE ROVER EVOQUE RANGE ROVER SPORT P510E AUTOBI 1 1 S 450 E X1 XDRIVE25E 1 1 Top 30 OEM_Model Combinations Removed (PHEVs): MERCEDES-BENZ GLC 300 E 4MATIC 110 MERCEDES-BENZ GLC 300 DE 4MATIC 68 LAND ROVER RANGE ROVER SPORT 55 MERCEDES-BENZ C 300 E 44 LAND ROVER RANGE ROVER 42 MERCEDES-BENZ GLC 400 E 4MATIC 30 MERCEDES-BENZ S 580 E 14 FERRARI SF90 STRADALE 11 MERCEDES-BENZ S 580 E 4MATIC 7 VOLVO POLESTAR 1 6 BMW 330E 5 PORSCHE CAYENNE E HYBRID 4 FERRARI SF90 SPIDER 2 FORD KUGA 2 AUDI Q7 60 TFSI E 1 BMW 530E XDRIVE 1 BMW X1 XDRIVE25E 1 BMW X3 XDRIVE30E 1 FERRARI 296 GTS 1 LAND ROVER RANGE ROVER EVOQUE 1 LAND ROVER RANGE ROVER SPORT P510E AUTOBI 1 MERCEDES-BENZ A 250 E 1 MERCEDES-BENZ AMG GT 63 S E PERFORMANCE 1 MERCEDES-BENZ C 400 E 4MATIC 1 MERCEDES-BENZ E 300 E 1 MERCEDES-BENZ GLE 350 DE 4MATIC 1 MERCEDES-BENZ GLE 350 DE 4MATIC COUPE 1 MERCEDES-BENZ S 450 E 1 PORSCHE PANAMERA 4 E HYBRID 1 VOLKSWAGEN MULTIVAN 1 Most Common Removed OEM_Model: MERCEDES-BENZ GLC 300 E 4MATIC : 110 vehicles Year Distribution of Removed PHEVs: 2023 2022 2021 330 59 28 [FLAGGED, NOT REMOVED] Vehicles flagged for Step 6 issues remain in dataset [REMOVAL STEP 7] Mileage and Fuel Consumption Inconsistencies ==================================================================================================== Breakdown by inconsistency type: CD engine-on (mileage=0, FC>0.1): 196 CS zero distance (mileage=0, FC>0.1): 27 CI zero distance (mileage=0, FC>3): 359 CS large distance, zero fuel (mileage>100, FC=0): 6 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- STEP: Step 7: Mileage/FC Inconsistencies ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Criteria: Logical impossibilities: fuel without distance, or large distance with zero fuel PHEVs before step: 994764 PHEVs removed: 565 Percentage removed: 0.057 % OEM Distribution of Removed PHEVs: FORD JEEP SKODA VOLVO 16638 169 77 77 74 PORSCHE SAIC VOLKSWAGEN TOYOTA MERCEDES-BENZ 50 27 20 15 13 HYUNDAI ALFA ROMEO LAND ROVER BMW PEUGEOT 9 7 5 4 4 SEAT SUZUKI KIA AUDI GEELY 4 3 2 1 1 MAZDA OPEL RENAULT 1 1 1 Top 30 Models Removed (PHEVs): KUGA XC40 16640 157 45 OCTAVIA COMPASS CAYENNE E HYBRID 41 37 31 SUPERB RENEGADE WRANGLER UNLIMITED 22 20 19 MG EHS PLUG IN HYBRID OCTAVIA RS TOYOTA RAV4 17 14 14 XC60 XC90 MG RX6 PLUG IN HYBRID 13 13 10 GOLF GTE EXPLORER GOLF 9 7 7 PANAMERA 4 E HYBRID TONALE C 300 E 6 6 5 TUCSON IX35 CAYENNE TURBO S E HYBRID A 250 E 5 4 3 PANAMERA 4S E HYBRID RANGE ROVER SPORT TARRACO 3 3 3 3008 HYUNDAISANTAFE KUGA TITANIUM X 2 2 2 Top 30 OEM_Model Combinations Removed (PHEVs): FORD KUGA 16638 157 VOLVO XC40 SKODA OCTAVIA 45 41 JEEP COMPASS PORSCHE CAYENNE E HYBRID 37 31 SKODA SUPERB JEEP RENEGADE 22 20 JEEP WRANGLER UNLIMITED SAIC MG EHS PLUG IN HYBRID 19 17 SKODA OCTAVIA RS TOYOTA TOYOTA RAV4 14 14 VOLVO XC60 VOLVO XC90 13 13 SAIC MG RX6 PLUG IN HYBRID VOLKSWAGEN GOLF GTE 10 9 FORD EXPLORER VOLKSWAGEN GOLF 7 7 ALFA ROMEO TONALE PORSCHE PANAMERA 4 E HYBRID 6 6 HYUNDAI TUCSON IX35 MERCEDES-BENZ C 300 E 5 5 PORSCHE CAYENNE TURBO S E HYBRID LAND ROVER RANGE ROVER SPORT 4 3 MERCEDES-BENZ A 250 E PORSCHE PANAMERA 4S E HYBRID 3 3 SEAT TARRACO BMW X1 XDRIVE25E 3 2 FORD KUGA TITANIUM X HYUNDAI HYUNDAISANTAFE 2 2 Most Common Removed OEM_Model: NA : 16638 vehicles Year Distribution of Removed PHEVs: 2021 2022 2023 16638 342 176 47 [FLAGGED, NOT REMOVED] Vehicles flagged for Step 7 issues remain in dataset [REMOVAL STEP 8] EDS and Energy Violations ==================================================================================================== Breakdown by violation type: EDS bounds violations: 4396 Negative energy values: 0 Energy identity violations: 0 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- STEP: Step 8: EDS/Energy Violations ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Criteria: EDS outside 0-100%, negative energy values, or energy accounting inconsistencies PHEVs before step: 994764 PHEVs removed: 4396 Percentage removed: 0.442 % OEM Distribution of Removed PHEVs: JEEP OPEL PEUGEOT VOLVO 21395 3210 322 300 245 CITROEN ALFA ROMEO DS KIA FORD 137 66 55 28 16 LAND ROVER SKODA BMW MERCEDES-BENZ RENAULT 6 4 3 2 1 SEAT 1 Top 30 Models Removed (PHEVs): COMPASS 21395 3014 GRANDLAND X 508 306 167 C5 AIRCROSS 3008 133 119 XC60 RENEGADE 98 87 WRANGLER UNLIMITED TONALE 86 64 XC90 V60 56 55 DS 7 CROSSBACK SORENTO 47 27 V90 COMPASS PHEV 25 20 KUGA GRANDLAND 16 9 NUEVO S60 9 9 3008 5008 7 CROSSBACK 6 6 SUPERB GRANDLAND X 1.6 TURBO PHEV AUT. 4 3 WRANGLER ALFA TONALE 3 2 GRANDLAND X 1.6 TURBO PHEV AWD AUT. RANGE ROVER EVOQUE 2 2 RANGE ROVER SPORT X5 XDRIVE45E 2 2 Top 30 OEM_Model Combinations Removed (PHEVs): JEEP COMPASS 21395 3014 OPEL GRANDLAND X PEUGEOT 508 306 167 CITROEN C5 AIRCROSS PEUGEOT 3008 133 119 VOLVO XC60 JEEP RENEGADE 98 87 JEEP WRANGLER UNLIMITED ALFA ROMEO TONALE 86 64 VOLVO XC90 VOLVO V60 56 55 DS DS 7 CROSSBACK KIA SORENTO 47 27 VOLVO V90 JEEP COMPASS PHEV 25 20 FORD KUGA OPEL GRANDLAND 16 9 VOLVO S60 DS 7 CROSSBACK 9 6 PEUGEOT 3008 5008 PEUGEOT NUEVO 6 5 CITROEN NUEVO SKODA SUPERB 4 4 JEEP WRANGLER OPEL GRANDLAND X 1.6 TURBO PHEV AUT. 3 3 ALFA ROMEO ALFA TONALE BMW X5 XDRIVE45E 2 2 LAND ROVER RANGE ROVER EVOQUE LAND ROVER RANGE ROVER SPORT 2 2 Most Common Removed OEM_Model: NA : 21395 vehicles Year Distribution of Removed PHEVs: 2021 2022 2023 21395 2719 1516 161 [FLAGGED, NOT REMOVED] Vehicles flagged for Step 8 issues remain in dataset ==================================================================================================== FINAL SUMMARY ==================================================================================================== === DATASET RETENTION (ALL VEHICLES KEPT) === Initial dataset size: 7732320 vehicles Final dataset size: 7732320 vehicles Vehicles retained: ALL (100%) Approach: FLAGGED instead of REMOVED === PHEV FLAGGING SUMMARY === Total PHEVs in dataset: 994764 Step 1 - Flagged PHEVs (CS Mileage/FC Invalid): 33348 Step 2 - Flagged PHEVs (Missing RW_EC): 12554 Step 3 - Flagged PHEVs (Missing OEM/Model): 2646 Step 4 - Flagged PHEVs (RW_EC Zero Reporting): 11100 Step 6 - Flagged PHEVs (Physics-Based CO2/FC): 417 Step 7 - Flagged PHEVs (Mileage/FC Inconsistencies): 565 Step 8 - Flagged PHEVs (EDS/Energy Violations): 4396 Total PHEVs with ANY quality flag: 56160 PHEVs with NO quality flags (clean): 938604 Final dataset size: 7732320 vehicles Final unique counts: OEMs (PHEVs): 28 Models (PHEVs): 780 OEM_Model combinations (PHEVs): 806 ==================================================================================================== CLEANING COMPLETE - ALL VEHICLES RETAINED (FLAGGED APPROACH) ====================================================================================================